Modelling of tornadoes wind speeds and response of overhead transmission lines due to stationary wind

Publikacja dotyczy oddziaływania silnego wiatru, charakterystyki wiatru, tornad w Europie i Polsce, metod pomiaru wiatru, skal tornad, oceny uszkodzeń, modeli wirów tornad, modeli pola wiatru i modeli przewracania drzew, funkcji podatności tornad oraz odpowiedzi napowietrznych linii przesyłowych na stacjonarny wiatr. Omówiono również wnioski końcowe, REFERENCES i streszczenie w języku polskim.

Spis Treści

1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . str. 11
1.1. Strong wind impact . . . . . . . . . . str. 11
1.2. The aim of the research . . . . . . . . . . str. 12
1.3. Scope of the study . . . . . . . . . . str. 15
2. NATURE OF WIND . . . . . . . . . . str. 17
2.1. Global atmospheric circulation . . . . . . . . . . str. 17
2.2. Macroscale atmospheric circulations . . . . . . . . . . str. 18
2.3. Mesoscale atmospheric circulations . . . . . . . . . . str. 23
2.4. Microscale atmospheric circulations . . . . . . . . . . str. 28
2.5. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . str. 28
3. TORNADOES IN EUROPE . . . . . . . . . . str. 29
3.1. Tornadoes in Europe . . . . . . . . . . str. 29
3.2. Tornadoes in Poland . . . . . . . . . . str. 32
3.3. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . str. 38
4. MEASUREMENTS OF WIND . . . . . . . . . . str. 39
4.1. Direct methods . . . . . . . . . . str. 39
4.2. Example of laboratory measurements of wind intensity . . . . . . . . . . str. 44
4.2.1. Wind tunnel measurements . . . . . . . . . . str. 44
4.2.2. Tornado simulator . . . . . . . . . . str. 50
4.3. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . str. 53
5. TORNADO SCALES . . . . . . . . . . str. 54
5.1. Fujita scale . . . . . . . . . . str. 54
5.2. Enhanced Fujita scale . . . . . . . . . . str. 56
5.3. International Torro Tornado Intensity Scale . . . . . . . . . . str. 60
5.4. Further works on intensity tornado scales . . . . . . . . . . str. 62
5.5. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . str. 66
6. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF TORNADOES IN DEEP SOUTH, USA, MARCH 19, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . str. 68
6.1. Tornado forecast . . . . . . . . . . str. 68
6.2. Results of tornadoes . . . . . . . . . . str. 69
6.3. Damage assessment of tornado in Fairburn, GA . . . . . . . . . . str. 71
6.4. Damage assessment of tornado in Jacksonville, AL . . . . . . . . . . str. 76
6.5. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . str. 85
7. TORNADO VORTEX MODELS . . . . . . . . . . str. 87
7.1. Dynamics of tornado . . . . . . . . . . str. 87
7.2. Fluid flow . . . . . . . . . . str. 88
7.3. Modified Rankine vortex model . . . . . . . . . . str. 90
7.4. Burgers-Rott vortex model . . . . . . . . . . str. 90
7.5. Baker vortex model . . . . . . . . . . str. 91
7.6. Bjerknes vortex model . . . . . . . . . . str. 93
7.7. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . str. 94
8. WIND FIELD MODELS AND TREE FALL MODELS . . . . . . . . . . str. 96
8.1. Wind field vortex models . . . . . . . . . . str. 96
8.2. Optimization of vortex models to fit the tree fall model . . . . . . . . . . str. 102
8.3. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . str. 111
9. TORNADO FRAGILITY FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . str. 113
9.1. Vortex wind field models to fragility analysis . . . . . . . . . . str. 114
9.2. Intra-model uncertainty for results of tree fall model . . . . . . . . . . str. 135
9.3. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . str. 137
10. RESPONSE OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES DUE TO STATIONARY WIND . . . . . . . . . . str. 139
10.1. Vibrations of overhead transmission lines . . . . . . . . . . str. 139
10.2. Spectral method in vibration problems . . . . . . . . . . str. 141
10.3. Mathematical model of transmission line . . . . . . . . . . str. 142
10.4. Validation and verification . . . . . . . . . . str. 144
10.5. Numerical analysis and field survey . . . . . . . . . . str. 147
10.5.1. Natural vibrations . . . . . . . . . . str. 149
10.5.2. Wind vibrations . . . . . . . . . . str. 150
10.6. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . str. 153
11. FINAL REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . str. 155
11.1. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . str. 155
11.2. General remarks . . . . . . . . . . str. 157
11.3. Original elements of the study . . . . . . . . . . str. 158
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . str. 160
SUMMARY IN POLISH . . . . . . . . . . str. 171